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Walter Baetke
Walter Hugo Hermann Baetke (28 March 1884, Sternberg in der Neumark – 15 February 1978, Leipzig) was a German professor of Scandinavian studies and religious studies. He was Professor of the History of Religion at the University of Leipzig.
==Life and career==
Baetke's father, Wilhelm Baetke, was a police official. Baetke attended a ''gymnasium'' in Stettin.〔Kurt Rudolph, "Baetke, Walter Hugo Hermann", ''Internationales Germanistenlexikon: 1800-1950'', ed. Christoph König, Birgit Wägenbaur, ''et al.'', Berlin: de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 3-11-015485-4, Volume 1, pp. 75-77, (p. 75 ) 〕 From 1902 to 1907, Baetke studied Germanic studies, English studies, education and philosophy at the Universities of Halle and Berlin,〔(Walter Baetke ) at Professorenkatalog der Universität Leipzig/catalogus professorum lipsiensis 〕 graduating from Halle in 1907 with a qualification to teach in higher education and earning a doctorate in English there in 1908 with a thesis on children in the works of Shakespeare's contemporaries and successors.〔 He then worked as a school examiner and at another ''gymnasium'' in Stettin and from 1913 to 1935 was head of a school in Bergen auf Rügen.〔 After one year teaching the history of Germanic religion at the University of Greifswald, he was appointed Professor of the History of Religion at the University of Leipzig in 1936.〔〔〔According to Horst Junginger, ("The Study of Religion under the Impact of National Socialism" ), Lecture given at the XVIII Quinquennial Congress of The International Association for the History of Religions, Durban, South Africa (5–12 August 2000), the faculty chose him as a strong counterbalance to the German Faith Movement.〕 In 1946 he received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Theology and was also appointed to an additional position as Professor of Nordic Philology.〔 He also headed the university's Institute for the History of Religion.〔 From 1947 to 1949, he was Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy.〔 He retired in 1955〔 but from 1955 to 1959 held an emeritus position as "commissar" of the Institute for the History of Religion and the Old Norse division of the Institute for Germanic Studies.〔
His academic work focussed on ancient Germanic religion, on which he published extensively. Already before World War II, he was known as "a critic of romantic excess" in interpretations.〔Bernard Mees, "Charisma, Authority and Heil: Walter Baetke and the Chasm of 1945", paper presented at ''Nordic Ideology between Religion and Scholarship'', Uppsala 23–25 August 2010: (Summary p. 6 (pdf) ).〕 In his 1934 ''Art und Glaube der Germanen'', he rejected Herman Wirth's view of the genuineness and importance of the ''Oera Linda Book'' and also systematically opposed Bernhard Kummer's views in ''Midgards Untergang''.〔Fritz Heinrich, "Bernhard Kummer (1897–1962): The Study of Religions Between Religious Devotion for the Ancient Germans, Political Agitation, and Academic Habitus", ''The Study of Religion under the Impact of Fascism'', ed. Horst Junginger, Numen Book Series (): Studies in the History of Religions 117, Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-16326-3, (p. 233 ). Also (p. 244, note 65 ), quoting Baetke on Kummer: "Nun ist ja klar, daß diese 'Vergeistigung' germanischer Religion mit wissenschaftlicher Interpretation nichts mehr zu tun hat." - "Now it is quite clear that this 'spiritualisation' of Germanic religion no longer has anything to do with scholarly interpretation".〕 In 1942 in ''Das Heilige im Germanischen'', he opposed Rudolf Otto's influential viewpoint that the source of religion lay in a "stirring in the heart" of awareness of the numinous, arguing that all religious experience has a social and historical context.〔Gregory D. Alles, ed., Rudolf Otto, ''Autobiographical and Social Essays'', History of Religions in Translation 2, Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter, 1996, ISBN 3-11-014519-7, Introduction, (p. 34 ).〕〔Todd A. Gooch, ''The Numinous and Modernity: an Interpretation of Rudolf Otto's Philosophy of Religion'', Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 2000, ISBN 3-11-016799-9, (p. 3 ).〕 In ''Yngvi und die Ynglinger'' (1964) he dismissed the widely accepted view espoused by, for example, Otto Höfler that Germanic peoples had sacral kingship.〔According to Lee M. Hollander's review, he "knocks out the props from under" it "with sober and competent scholarship". ''Speculum'' 42.3 (1967) 511-513, (p. 511 ).〕 The issue and his arguments are still debated today: in a re-examination in 2004, Olof Sundqvist substantially agreed, finding that "this paradigm (kingship ) implies a number of methodological difficulties";〔Olof Sundqvist, "Aspects of rulership ideology in Early Scandinavia - with particular references to the skaldic poem Ynglingatal", ''Das Frühmittelalterliche Königtum: ideelle und religiöse Grundlagen'', Ed. Franz-Reiner Erkens, Ergänzungsband zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 49, Berlin: de Gruyter, 2005, ISBN 3-11-018886-4, pp. 87-124, (p. 120 ).〕 Francis Oakley, however, argued in 2010 that although Baetke successfully rebutted the notion that Scandinavian kings were worshipped, he could not dismiss the evidence that they had some sacral status as mediators with the gods.〔Francis Oakley, ''Empty Bottles of Gentilism: Kingship and the Divine in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (to 1050)'', New Haven: Yale University, 2010, ISBN 978-0-300-15538-9, (p. 146 ).〕
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